Focus of the marketing mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Focal point of the advertising blend - Essay Example Another eminent objective market is that of the maturing demography who need to investigate new things (Hughes, 2011). Moreover, the more youthful age has not been abandoned, remarkably the understudies who want popular and imaginative gadgets that give different choices in performing errands. Ipad highlights Ipad is essentially a tablet gadget with different details and highlights. These determinations and highlights have empowered this item all the more engaging clients in the different market portions. Ipad has an interface of drove contact screen with measurements of 9.57 ? 7.47; this makes this item all the more engaging when contrasted with other tablet gadgets (Pride and Ferrell, 2012, p. 22). Credited to the Apples broad innovative work, Ipad is viewed as the most recent mechanical gadget described with a high similarity mode and that the clients can undoubtedly explore it due to its solid speed and processor. This item is completely prepared and can download huge measure of information, send and get messages, send connections and reports, watch motion pictures and take pictures (Hughes, 2011). This item has been intended to empower clients, for example, experts and organizations to get digitalized and interface effectively to the worldwide world. This Apple item has a more extensive and different applications (Pride and Ferrell, 2012, p. ... Besides, the implicit applications in the gadget which empowers the clients to have a courageous involvement with utilizing any tablet gadget. At long last, the gadget show in which clients search for exceptional goals with engaging hues. It is prominent that Ipad has a Retina show, rapid processor and 275000 applications, subsequently, settling on it a client decision in this class of tablet gadget. Marking The Ipad trait of being viewed as imaginative and popular regarding its plan with the arrangement of boundless alternatives to the client credits significantly to its marking (Pride and Ferrell, 2012, p. 28). Its effortlessness and transportability has earned Apple prominence and being broadly acknowledged in the worldwide markets (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius 2010, p. 15). This has driven into Ipad extending its business sectors and fulfilling bigger market portions, along these lines, procuring it better brand value and situating it as need to most people (Kerin, Hartley and Rud elius, 2010, p. 33). Cost with respect to the value, iPad can be bought in the different numerous chose focuses by Apple Company. Valuing iPad is charged at an excellent cost when contrasted with its rivals ascribed by the quality prevalence and ingenuity of the gadget. As the most creative gadgets accessible in the market, outstandingly, other tablet contenders, offer an exceptional value, it has an incentive as contrasted and the advantages that this item offers to the client. Value technique method of reasoning Although iPad is viewed as costly, the worth acknowledgment and advantages that the client gets eclipse its cost. The estimating procedure of Apples IPad considers factors including high inventiveness, dependability of iPad tablet gadget, gadget conveyability

TOXICOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOXICOLOGY - Essay Example These mixes are infamous for their wellbeing perils. A large portion of the wellbeing impacts are because of restraint of cholinesterases (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). Other than this, restraint of different proteins and individual defenselessness additionally assume a job. The mixes are profoundly lipid-solvent and can be consumed from any course like skin, conjunctiva, bodily fluid films, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. The beginning of sickness, seriousness and length of each period of disease depends not just on the sort of the OP mixes to which the individual has been presented to, yet in addition the measurement of presentation, course of introduction, attributes of the cholinesterase protein, pace of digestion in the body and the physico-synthetic properties of the compound. Cholinesterase assumes a significant job in the cell-to-cell correspondence and is available in a few pieces of the body like blood, nerves, neuromuscular tissue and glandular tissues. Inactivation of acetyl cholinesterase causes amassing of acetyl choline in ganglia and neurotransmitters prompting different clinical issues (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). Presentation to these OP mixes prompts triphasic ailment in people. The principal stage is the cholinergic stage. In the majority of the uncovered people, just the cholinergic stage might be watched. This is trailed by a middle of the road stage in 20 percent of the cases, trailed by a last stage. The underlying 2 stages are related with mortality and horribleness, while the last stage isn't related with mortality and may not be gone before by the underlying 2 stages (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). In the intense cholinergic stage, gathering of acetyl choline in the muscarinic locales prompts bronchoconstriction, expanded bronchial emissions, expanded gastrointestinal motility, regurgitating, bradycardia and obscuring of vision because of miosis. Collection in nicotinic locales like the neuromuscular intersection brings about flabby

Ethics Assignment And Presentation Example

Ethics Assignment And Presentation Example Ethics Assignment And Presentation â€" Assignment Example > IntroductionCorporate scandals in most cases involve ethical lax and poor corporate social responsibility (Shuhui Matthew, 2012). After the scandals, the business suffers loss while others collapse. Companies such as Enron saw a decline in their stocks after their scandals which affected the shareholders. Most of the decisions leading to a corporate scandal are ethical dilemma. A global corporate collapse as a result of scandal acts as a defining moment for the contemporary corporate governance debate (Colley, Doyle, Logan Stettinius, 2003). The collapse of Lehman brothers and the HIH insurance has been some of the largest corporate scandals. This case investigates the collapse of HIH insurance and the Lehman brothers to prepare a case for presentation to board of directors. The report looks at the facts relating to the corporate scandal and how it occurred. The case also looks at the existing similarities between the two scandals, stakeholders involved in the scandals and how t hey were affected. It also includes ethical, legal, accounting, and corporate governance issues and how they occurred and comparison with Enron scandal. Lastly, the essay suggests the improvement and changes based on the theories of utilitarianism and deontology to regulations and codes of conduct to ensure that these scandals do not happen in future. Facts relating to the scandal and how the scandal occurredHIH insuranceHIH insurance failure is one of the largest corporate failures in Australia which occurred in 2001. This led to the federal government to establish a royal commission to carry out the investigations on the failure. HIH was seen to have a conservative corporate culture. This made the deficiencies in governance which made its failure to be a surprise to many. The CEO was charismatic and dominating. Over the years, HIH engaged in high risk practices in highly competitive markets. Another problem which faced HIH insurance was lack of independent directors. Three of th e eleven directors were former partners as the company auditor firm known as Arthur Andersen. This made it easy for the few independent directors to be misled on the true firm financial position (Owen, 2003). The company had an aggressive acquisition strategy which aimed at attaining growth at all costs. The firm also had a culture of not giving bad news to the stakeholders. This led to a conflict between profit maximisation and good corporate governance structures (Shuhui Matthew, 2012). HIH had bad management which lacked a well understood policy. The group had deficiencies in its corporate culture and structure. There was filtering of information through unscrupulous accounting which disguised the serious financial crisis faced by the firm. Lack of professional skeptism led to the failure. The firm also failed to deal with accounting anomalies which would have helped in resolving the crisis. HIH is one of the most notorious Australia corporate scandal and collapse was a subjec t to Australian $40 million Royal Commission. HIH was rated as the second largest general insurer at the time of liquidation in 2001(Owen, 2003). Lehman brothers’ caseThe fall of Lehman brothers in September 2008 remains one of the largest bankruptcies. The company assets were worth $639 billion. The company was formed in the 1850s by Henry Lehman and his brothers. The bank expanded to become one of the largest investment banks globally. Due to its size, the bank was complex and advanced with opaque structures. Before the collapse, the business areas of operations were fixed income, equities, investment management and capital market (Wiggins, Thomas Andrew, 2014).

New Balance Corporation Overview of Sustenance in Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5483 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? A most number of facts prove that changes in the approach employers direct the efforts of employees have significant allegations for the time allegations of work. A rise in the literature directs to the greedy (Coser, 1974) character which is also called as post-Fordist (Amin, 1994; DiPrete et al., 2002), post-industrial (Lewis, 2003), post-modern (Kumar, 1995) or very effective presentation work (Appelbaum et al., 2000; Osterman, 2000; Godard, 2001). These concepts contribute to the statement that there has been a shift from work based on the authority from the higher level to the lower level will result in more flexible production technologies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "New Balance Corporation Overview of Sustenance in Market" essay for you Create order Generally, the theory consist of some form of team-based work, advances in training structure and line of business progress, and performance-related compensation (Ramsay et al., 2000; White et al., 2003; DiPrete at al., 2002; Appelbaum et al., 2000; Perlow, 1999). These measures involve management giving up many restrictions imposed on employees and bringing in a variety of techniques which are aimed to increase employees work contentment and obligation (Ramsay et al., 2000). The penalty for this job proposed for the worker is heralded with phrases like employability and empowerment. By facilitating employees to contribute and be appropriate to their acquaintance and proficiency more fully, a better output is achieved at working (Ramsay et al., 2000; Baron and Kreps, 1999). When taken in a positive account this comes down to freeing employees from suppression on work from many years in the past and replacing them with difficult tasks, self-government and accomplishment. (E.g. Sennett , 1998; Vallas, 1999; Godard, 2001). (Meyers, 1997) Experimental studies on the time squeeze show that these job characteristics lead to time-greedy workplaces, i.e. individuals in this department use up longer hours at work than in the more long-established workplaces (Godard, 2001; White et al., 2003; Perlow, 1999; Barker, 1993; Hochschild, 1997). It is also recommended that increase in fight between individuals at the work place may correspond to this phenomenon. (Glebbeek and Van der Lippe, 2004) As per Thurows (1975) well known job-competition representation, which proposes that opposition shifts to superiority in terms when remuneration is inflexible or greater than the market-clearing level, it can also be taken in a way that competition may take the form of an enthusiasm to give over much time to work. This Time Competition encourages human resources to fiddle with long hours in view of the fact that for every worker who considers restraining his hours there are generally many in number who is ready to give the organization what all it requires (Schor, 1992: 71). As Leslie Perlow writes in an in-depth study of this phenomenon, The grueling schedules that used to be typical only for top corporate management and self-employed people are becoming more prevalent in one organization after the other. (Perlow, 1998: 331) Even after the economic model on labour supply has proven its worth in both theoretical and empirical examinations, it is always considered as a mystery: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ All established theories of the labour promotion are based on the perception that an employer pay money for and a worker sells his time in the service convention which in other terminology can be told as, people work for the money. On the other hand, a noteworthy part of overtime is unpaid. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ In the standard model of labour supply, it is assumed that employees work their most wanted number of hours, based on the most advantageous arrangement of their payment and preferred time. In theory human resources might work more than they would like, namely if employers do not leave them another choice (lumpiness of labour demand). When put into practice, however, employees also work more than they would like (i.e. are over-employed) without imposed restrictions from the employer (the puzzle of over-employment). ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ In the ordinary model, the individuals are expected to make coherent choices; they choose the combination of income and leisure time that maximizes their well-being (or utility). Working overtime, on the other hand, is often connected with feelings of time pressure and stress, an inability to combine work and care, and every now and then even with psychological problems in the long run. People thus choose to expose themselves to extensive diminution in their welfare, which is unusual from the point of view that utility maximization. (Kraut Korman, 1999) Str ategic management provides the route map for the firm. It lends a framework, which can ensure that decisions regarding the future are taken in a methodical and purposeful way. Strategic management also serves as a hedge against uncertainty, a hedge against totally unexpected developments on the business horizon. This lends a structure of suggestion for speculation decisions. It aids the absorption of possessions on vital areas of best impending. It offers a line of attack by which the organisation could look forward to and develop the future and be internally prepared to handle the operations. It assists to increase processes, systems, mechanisms and decision-making position that are indispensable for this principle. (Kraut Korman, 1999) Strategic Business Area (SBA) SBA is a distinctive segment of the environment in which the firm does want to do business. A company instead of trying to compete in all the area, it selects the area of its competitive advantage and invest its money and strategies Management Science I Prof. M.Thenmozhi Indian Institute of Technology Madras in that area. This helps the company to concentrate its strategies in a particular area and to reduce the unnecessary expenses in non-profitable area. Functional Strategy: Strategy that is related to each functional area of business such as production, marketing and personnel is called functional strategy. It is designed and managed in a coordinated way so that they interrelate with each other and at the same time collectively allow the competitive strategy to be implemented properly. (Paul L. Dishman, 2008) Strategy formulation is the growth of long range campaigns for the operative management of environmental prospects and threats in light of corporate strengths and wea knesses. It includes defining the corporate mission, specifying achievable aims, developing strategies and setting strategy guidelines. It begins with situational analysis. The simplest way is to analyse this is through SWOT analysis. This is the method to analyse the potency and weak points in order to make the most of the hazard and to triumph over the hazard. SWOT is regarded as Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats. How the external opportunities and threats facing a particular corporation can be harmonized with that companys inner potency and weak point to consequence in four sets of probable premeditated alternatives. Mission An organizations mission is the principle or the enthusiasm for the firms existence. A well visualized mission proclamation characterizes the essential, only one of its kind purposes that distinguish a company away from each other from extra organizations which are of the same kind and identifies the scope of the companys procedure in terms of the products offered and markets hand round. A mission statement may be defined narrowly or broadly in scope. A broadly defined mission statement keeps the company from limiting itself to single field or product line, but it fails to clearly identify what it makes or which product/market it plans to emphasize. A narrow mission very clearly states the organizations primary business, but it may limit the choice of the firms activities in terms of product or service offered, the technology used and the market served. (UNITED NATIONS, 2008) Objectives Objectives are the outcomes of an intended action. The objectives correspond to the actions that are to be done and should be computed if possible. The accomplishment of corporate objective should result in the fulfilment of a corporate mission. In a very different scenario an objective, a goal is an unwrapped ended statement of what is to be achieved with no calculation of what is to be achieved and no time decisive factor for the finishing point. The regions which the company may target and strive for establishing its goals and objectives are prosperity, enlargement, shareholders wealth, proper utilization of resources etc. Strategies The standard norms and strategies of an organization form a wide-ranging master plan which states how the company will achieve its stated goals and targets. It takes full use of the competitive advantage and diminishes the competitive disadvantage. Types of strategy: There are three standard types of strategies which are generally considered by many of the business firms: Corporate strategy: It tells about a companys overall direction in terms of its general attitude towards development and supervision of its various fabrication and product lines. Corporate strategy mainly corresponds to three key issues in front of the firm as a whole. Directional strategy: the firms overall orientation towards development, steadiness and reduction of expenditure. The two basic growth strategies are meditation and diversified nature. The growth of a business can be made possible through combination, getting hold of the on-going, occupation, joint business enterprise and premeditated association. Turnaround, divestment and insolvency are the various types of reduction of expenditure approach. Portfolio analysis: The industries or markets in which the organization contends through its products and business units are called as portfolio analysis. In this type of analysis, top management views its product lines and business units as a chain of portfolio savings and all the time keeps a check on the operations going on for a profitable return. Two of the most popular strategies are the BCG Growth Share Matrix and GE business screen Parenting strategy: The approach in which administration coordinates behaviour and transfers possessions and develop competencies among product lines and business units. Business strategy: It is generally present on the business item or product level and it lays prominence to the enhance the structure of competition in terms of products and services offered by the corporation in the specific industry or marketing sector served b y that production unit. It may well be shaped within two on the whole categories of competitive or corporate strategies. Competitive strategy is the strategy battle in opposition to all the contenders for improvement. Michael Porter came forward with three competitive strategies which are known as Generic strategies. They are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Cooperative strategy is to work with one or more competitors to gain advantage against other competitors. (Meyers, 1997) Stages of corporate development The Corporations which are termed to be successful have a propensity to follow a prototype of structural enlargement called stages of progress as they nurture and make bigger. Starting with the simple structure of the industrial firm, they generally become superior and handle the operations as per functional lines with promotion fabrication and funding sections. With continuing success the company includes new product lines in different industries and organizes itself into organized divisions. Applying the principle of customer-focused organization leads to the following actions: Understanding the whole range of customer needs and expectations for products, delivery, price, dependability, etc. Ensuring a balanced approach among customers and additional stakeholders Communicating these needs and expectations throughout the organization Measuring customer satisfaction and acting on results and Managing customer relationships. (Gordon Phillips, 2010) Beneficial ap plications of this principle include: Policy and strategy formulation, making sure that the individuals of the organization are aware of the customer needs and the needs of other stakeholders; Goal and target setting, ensuring that appropriate goals and targets are in a straight line linked to purchaser needs and opportunities; Operational management, humanizing and striving to give the best performance of the organization to meet customer needs; Human resources management, ensuring that the people have the acquaintance and skills required to keep happy the organizations customer Applying the principle of process approach leads to the following actions: Defining the process to accomplish the preferred consequence, Identifying and keeping a check on the inputs and outputs of the process, Making out the interfaces of the process with the functions of the organization, Estimating possible risk factors, and its consequences and impacts of developments on consu mers, suppliers and other stakeholders of the course, Establishing clear responsibility, authority, and accountability for managing the process, Identifying the internal and external customers, suppliers and other stakeholders of the process, and When designing processes, consideration is given to process steps, activities, flows, control measures, training needs, equipment, methods, information, materials and other resources to achieve the desired result. (Entrekin Court, 2001) Beneficial applications of this principle include: For policy and strategy formulation, utilizing defined processes throughout the organization will lead to more predictable results, better use of resources, shorter, cycle times and lower costs; For goal and target setting, understanding the capability of processes facilitates the creation of challenging goals and targets; For operational management, adopting the process approach for all operations results in lower costs, prevention of errors, control of variation, shorter cycle times and more predictable outputs; For human resource management establishing cost and well-organized processes for human resource management, such as taking into service, instruction and guidance, enables the arrangement of these courses of actions with the needs of the organization and bring into being a more accomplished. (J., 1991) Manufacturing Perspective When we discuss issues pertaining to manufacturing option New Balance Corporation has made up a greater change in whole new world of shoe manufacturing .They brought up changes, which would bring better options varying technologies .They used some best tailoring equipments which would make better profits and also provide end source production within an hour as of the china market production of shoe. Below is the brief overview of the corporation which has gained maximum profit in producing shoes at a better level. New Balance is able to remain competitive at home by creatively adapting new technologies to shoemaking, and constantly training their employees in teamwork and technical skills. Employees start with 22 hours of classroom training on teamwork and get constant training on the factory floor. They work in teams of five or six, sharing tasks and helping one another to make sure everything gets done. Many of the ideas for process improvement come from shop floor workers. (J ., 1991) Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers, New Balance purchased 70 see-and-sew machines for $100,000 each and set up on site machine shops to grind the 30 templates needed for a typical shoe. Making each set of templates takes about a week, but they allow workers to produce a pair of shoes in 24 minutes, versus 3 hours in China. Labour cost per shoe is $4 an hour in Maine compared to $1.30 in China. The $2.70 labour cost differential is a manageable 4 percentage of the $70 selling price. Staying involved with the manufacturing process helps New Balance develop better designs, improve quality, and innovate their processes capabilities. The company would lose if it outsourced all of its production. But staying in one country is not advantageous either, especially when a 10% market share of athletic shoes in China would be the equivalent of 100 million customers (J., 1991) In order to maintain better methodology in intensifying globalization prospects in known level of competitive pressure in developing countries produced goods. There been a accelerated growth at an level of investment liberalization and increasing make up a fragmented approach in stages of production in value possible chain .Some of the process through which these manufacturing process can be yielded are reintegrated through a broad level of production system and global value chains (GVC) and global production networks(GPN) .Threes also a level of maintaining a group of transnational corporations(TNCs) ,which play a major role in organizing and maintaining a better level of infrastructure ,marketing and logistic and trade investment characteristics. Theres also a far reaching approach which can be more competitive and very much of cross national and provide a better technological way of analysing ,learning and better offerings in field of better welfare gains and brings out a major challenge. (Orr, 2009) By considering manufacturing companies to take up issues regardi ng the GVCs and other GPNs, theres always a diminishing pressure for protectionism of the one own trade and production growth. New Balance as said above tried to bring about greater amount of changes in sphere regarding to multicultural and other foreign market based sector identification prospects. They gave a huge turnaround in producing large number of shoes pairs for Beijing Olympic events, which was one the best Olympic events ever organized. They were also the issues regarding brining about technical and non-technical work base ethic work methodology and bring greater level of aspiration go head. Theres always a level of self-attaining and possible approach of having to reconfigure previous technological trajectory. (UNITED NATIONS, 2008) To have a further growth aspect in shoe based sector, there needs to be perfect level of sequential steps, which has to be taken care of for providing better service and product to the customer .These process need to be taken in greater sp here of knowledge and other related activities to bring about better service and conception issues at various level or can be said as the phased of production life cycle. There needs be a proper functioning mechanism which may help in making out better possibilities and due complexities in a life cycle based issues for better management and links in a clear way. (Entrekin Court, 2001) Theres always a mechanism through which a better span enterprise can be made up of better local economy and provide a greater regional economy based approached. There is always a diverse work based methodology and dynamism which brings a change in value chain serving an important factor for better possibilities in bringing about innovation at an enterprise level of value chain. (Orr, 2009) There has been always two level of divergent process which can be notified as buyer driven and producer driven value chain. The two distinct aspect make up a larger important and base level dynamic in providin g better inter reactions and generations at each of different case. There has been more of a point which can bring up better opportunities and capabilities for better differing in arrangements. There are always issues which would bring about buyer driven chains and difficult close coordination spectrum needs and get a better market yield of prospects. (Palmisano, 2006) In other buyer base driven value chain theres always a clear level of larger options and core competencies and has cool setting up driving factors in that value chain. It helps in providing an increasing access to organize and coordinate and get better control of all production and designing process. There needs to be a better marketing activity to gain better accumulation of consumer market for developed and developing countries. The chain is typically more intensive of industries and has a highly irrelevant development methodology. (Paul L. Dishman, 2008) Theres always seems to be a particular level of branded level product ,which are more of greater importance to capture a clear much added values in terms of red in product development and get better marketing options and maintain a clear brand protection property right. Theres always a better market position based approach which can result in a global brands in a specific market and region. When taken up with a clear producer values and key production and chain control of technologies and make up better importance positioning in a final product in a market. Theres always a clear level of coordinate issues regarding a value chain probability and take up responsible approach for suppliers and their customers .These chain of typical medium and high tech based prosperity conditions need to be taken up at an higher level. Theres also a clear level of developing country produced part of labour intensive and buyer driven chain prospects in exception to the East Asian newly industrializing economy, which can force a clear case of buyer to producer chain in terms of shoe production. (UNITED NATIONS, 2008) When setting up a better methodology theres also a need to take up better quality management issues and other requirement specification which are diverse universal. Here, it would be best in considering some part of process flow need to be taken care of. The following are the basic process technique for quality analysis, they are: Quality planning process for creating and designing and planning of product and services, which can meet or exceed a customer level expectations. Theres always a pathway for quality control improvement and process making up to a level of elimination variation. To take up a clear process of how better shoes are produced with a qualitative approach theres always seem to be a deficient way of taking 20 percentage output variations. Theres needed to be a clear performance measurement aspect to know a better level of constant process inherent and variation fairly constant over a ran ge of time. Theres always a level of performance inherent to a clear process .In other words ,theres always an original way of taking up greater quality control and accepted average and range of variation for better performance measurement .These zone are however need to be taken up for better standard performance. (Paul L. Dishman, 2008) Quality Management System When we come up with better Total quality management and ways of details at different approach can nowhere be seen .Theres been a different definition for Total Quality Management (TQM) scenarios which has to be emphasized in a continuous way. Theres always a level of quality improvement process architecture which need to have an institutional operations and represent a clear shift in differing administrative circles and form a clear collegial management. Total Quality Management principles need to have successfully implemented various issues and provide a clear knowledge skills and abilities. It also notes out better concept on quality based control and get better process methodology and clear foundation in process of Total Quality Management. (Palmisano, 2006) There always a level of better quality managed which have been emerge overnight and it has very inter related units for quality management ,which are collectively involved. There is also a level of Total Quality Manageme nt process which takes up greater level of operating breweries and quality with good word management having a clear service set up. (IKEA, 2007) TQM is a management process based on fundamental principles that focus an organizations energy on always meeting customers expectations. But because it is a process-not simply a program, it requires long-term commitment to bring into play in every aspect of the development. For a company like New Balance Corporation needs to have all the basic level work consideration and its unanimity .It has several years of quality based approach for better professional activity and numerous companies acronym .It has more number of circular base passage based configuration .Theres always a better initiative starting off with electronic and automobile manufacturing in the late 70s and early 80s and have greater level of banking and other service oriented based architecture companies. To have greater level of expenditure process in companies, there n eeds to be clear use of TQM and return of investment and originally expect a question based approach with a better Return of Investment hovering around. (J., 1991) Theres always a change in achieving a clear breakthroughs for better performance contribution breakthroughs .It also creates a better challenging standard performance quality control zone and representing things to be done in a better way. There has been a poor response at the chronic level and achieve better functionality approach .Theres always a historical based needs to be taken up for better cross solving functional problems. (Palmisano, 2006) Quality affects business performance Theres always a relationship consideration for major improvement for innovative and exploration for specified strategies and tactics to apply improvement in industry based application. In other way there has been a greater industry undergoing rapid technological change in uncertain environments and can be discussed about. The best quality based objective can be linked to different strategically approach and tactics with a quality field in particular for having job duties of a quality professional. (UNITED NATIONS, 2008) Figure Quality Management There also need to be an organization renewal efforts and prevent better organizational classified work on drawing an elaborating the best set up analysis work on small wins ,it was brought about by researchers like weick and frances (1996,454-455).There needs to be some significant benefits which can provide a better improvement form in detailed manner. The following are the process which can generate clear process at a generic le vel like of getting ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Getting Continuous improvement typically by moving out a clear large amount of employees and other improvement based in contrast to the large scale innovation and efforts to involve selected experts. The contribution of such broad mobilization of employees is potentially large. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Theres always a corollary of broad based efforts, which have to be taken up in small win system and parallel way resulting in an aggregate and change of efforts for a magnificent results. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A series of small wins often precedes and follows large changes, first paving the way for these changes by providing momentum and basic learning, and second by eliminating the impediments to optimizing the new processes or products. In this sense, small wins make large-scale change possible. (J., 1991) Leonard Lynns study of the introduction of the basic oxygen furnace technology in steel making nicely illustrates this process (Lynn 1982). ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When many seemingly revolutionary changes are scrutinized, they are found to be based on a series of small wins. Consider the revolutionary impact that the step-by-step reduction of machine setup times and die change times, pioneered at Toyota, had on changing the economics of small lot production in the auto industry (Robinson 1991, 85-86). ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ By being anchored in current practices, small wins encourage learning that is rooted in daily work routines exactly the kind of learning that is most likely to be transformed into effective practice. The speed at which firms develop and roll out new products has become an increasingly critical competitive issue. Consider that the product life cycles in the PC industry were approximately one year in the middle 1980s; by 1997, these were reduced to approximately three months (Curry and Kenney 1999, 8-9). Shorter product cycles me an that firms have less time to recoup their investments and be first to market with the right product, and quality confers major competitive advantage. (J., 1991) Indeed, in the new economy, some go as far as to argue that in this world of increasing returns, those products and firms that get ahead, advance further over time as a result of a series of positive feedback loops. This is a world of winner-takes-all markets. This exaggerated view ignores the dynamism of emergent markets and technology. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence That in rapidly changing high-tech markets, being late to market significantly reduces profits (Vesey 1991). Every manager nowadays seeks to compress development, production, and delivery times and integrate these operations into as seamless a process as possible. Financial Perspective Carefully observe how the reduced-quality product would affect the company financially. Discuss the financial analysis to justify the use of technology in the shoe manufacturing operation. When taking up new balance Corporation was taking up major issues pertaining to various technical prospects and its work basics. There are always issues pertaining to process based work financial management. New Balance Corporation in order to make up with the delivery scale for Beijing Olympic took up various issues pertaining level of normal time order specification and reduce their chance of going to bankruptcy and potentially take up a backseat in cost management. They have taken an order of automatic sewing machine which can help them in generating double the revenue prospects and other confidentiality aspects .The amount of product specification of potential cost generation on financial distress and include possibility customers take up the product thus varies and specify a clear fina ncial distress and reason for firms to have less debt and chosen potential cost variance. The potential cost has it variance in all aspect and can be a deciding factor when taking up a clear approach in ways when real quality product hasnt been ascertained. The major importance of these product based approach is not considered and better modelling frame has to be taken up for effects to be taken unknown. (Nikolai Rogovsky, 2007) We examine how product quality and pricing decisions vary with financial distress and bankruptcy in the shoe industry. We analyse whether managers reduce product market quality and prices in periods of financial distress before the firm actually defaults, as well as quality and pricing decisions in bankruptcy. Our measure of financial distress is a firms probability of default, calculated using Mertons distance to default measure. Changes in the probability of default may reduce a firms incentives to produce a high quality product since a reduction in qua lity may increase current cash flows at the expense of bondholders who may receive less in the future. Similarly, the firm may also have incentives to lower prices to increase market share and current cash flow even if this triggers a price war in the future. Financial implication to run shoe business As discussed above, one key requirement of the failing firm defence is that the relevant assets be Shopped to see if they would continue operating in the market in the hands of a less anticompetitive acquirer. If the financially distressed firm conducts a shop and receives a bid from another firm, however, it may not be the case that this acquirer will employ the assets in the market of concern. Assets are often fungible and have alternative uses to which they can be put. Perhaps a competing bidder even has in mind that it will liquidate them entirely. Given such uncertainty, should the competition authority be troubled by the possibility that the alternative purchaser might n ot continue employing the assets in its market of concern. (Palmisano, 2006) By taking another analysis of bidder taken up new balance financially distressed issue need to be more precise in getting greater market power. Theres also major change in aspect recreated in terms of the asset building and other market purchase in close based scenarios .New balance acquiring can be due to these, which can be a safe option for companies considering taking up of purchase as permitted. Theres also major scenario in taking up shop return goods and losses incurred in getting back the product. Hence Company has to make up a mark, which is more relevant to past aspect and general work based scenario setup As New Balance Corporation already has the major market power, which can make up a great extent of choosing price and better quality maintenance options needs to be better. In period of quality firms make up great number of technical prospect issues, which bring out lower quality is to be observed. Firms can cut quality and given that quality provision is costly, this will lower the marginal cost of production. Until consumers realize the good sold is of lower quality, firms will earn higher profits. Once the lower quality is observed, firms will face reduced demand. If the claimants do not bear the full cost of this reduced demand or face a very high discount rate, they may have incentives to shift profits into nearby periods. These features fit well the shoe industry. (Entrekin Court, 2001) In the Shoe industry, firms provision of quality is to some extent unobserved at the time a product been is sold. Consumers can observe lagged measures of quality, but quality at the actual time the product been used and some time may be quite different than past quality. Firms may also face a very high demand for current profits and may be willing to trade future profits for current profits. Debt, financial distress and bankruptcy play a role just as in the Maksimovic and T itman model, as financial distress and expected bankruptcy can increase the incentives of firms to lower quality. The intuition for financial distress to play a role is simple and follows directly from their model. If the firm defaults on its debt, debt holders rather than equity holders bear the loss of the future market share. (Orr, 2009) If a firm faces a significant chance of defaulting on its debt, it may choose to cut quality today in order to survive in the hopes that there is a positive demand shock before consumers discover the lower quality. The positive demand shock may enable survival, despite the demand reduction that comes as a consequence of lower past quality. Afterwards, the firm can rebuild its reputation. Put differently, the probability of default enters in the shoes supply of quality decision. The firms supply of quality will be affected by a higher probability of default because the future benefits of quality diminish, given that there is a higher probabilit y that the firm will enter into bankruptcy (equivalent to a higher discount rate). To the extent that not all consumers are aware of this present cut in quality, the firm optimally reduces quality taking an involuntary loan from consumers. This might help the firm, in the short run, to avoid bankruptcy. (J., 1991) This bankruptcy reorganization plan also has to pass a feasibility test specifically management has to demonstrate to the judge that the firm is viable as a going concern under the new plan. This plan can include a request to the bankruptcy judge that past union contracts be changed and a new wage structure imposed on the firms employees.

Thomas Jefferson Research Paper - 1337 Words

â€Å"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.† Thomas Jefferson is arguably one of the most influential people to Virginia and the United States before and during the American Revolution. Jefferson had been a governor for Virginia during the American Revolution, he had wrote the Declaration of Independence along with four other notable American politicians, and served as a minister to France in 1785-1789. Without Jefferson the American Revolution most likely would have played out completely different and we could possibly be living a different life today. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13th, 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia into a family of wealth. His mother, Jane Randolph was†¦show more content†¦Before the Declaration of Independence was signed, colonists were treated very unfairly by their mother-countries leader, King George III. King George had not helped the 13 colonies in any way and really only used them to gain wealth for Great Britain and himself. George’s method of gaining wealth from the 13 colonies was that they could only trade to Great Britain, which did not help the 13 colonies expand as a country. Also, he heavily taxed colonists on the western hemisphere because he needed aid to pay off his former war debts. The colonists were not happy about his acts because it gave them little opportunity of expanding their wealth or fortune which, is the main idea of coming to the â€Å"New World.† This made colonists very angry now was thickening the hatred for their leader they were now just as mot ivated as the politicians; resulting in, plenty of change, leading to the American Revolution. Jefferson understood the colonists and he was able to express or summarize their ideas, thoughts, and motivations through the document; â€Å"We the People†. 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Judith Ortiz seemed passionate inRead MoreHamiltons Curse Book Review1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt Means for America Today, the author, Thomas J. DiLorenzo, succeeds in answering the questions stated above. Even more, the author is able to identify America’s economic problems by narrowing them down to one source: Alexander Hamilton. The author of the book, Thomas J. DiLorenzo, presents excellent arguments with strong evidence of the contradicting political ideas between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. A thorough investigation and research is evidenced through many trusted sourcesRead MoreLiteracy Narrative Essay example854 Words   |  4 Pagespresident, complete with a two page report. We had three weeks to complete the project. I chose Thomas Jefferson as my topic. I had my poster made, with a lot of pictures and captions, done within one week of getting the project. My mom took me to the library to do some research on Thomas Jefferson. I found so much stuff. 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Compare and Contrast the Different Perspective on the Self Free Essays

Compare and contrast the different perspective on the self in Kaphagawani’s article â€Å"African conceptions of a person’. Reflect on some of the challenges. Table of Content Table of Content1 Introduction2 Nature2 Principle of life2 Personhood3 Human being3 Conclusion3 References4 Introduction In this essay I will compare and contrast the different perspectives of self, person and personhood from various cultures across Africa, answering the age-old questions within metaphysics as well as philosophy: â€Å"What is a person? ; What elements constitute being a person? ; and â€Å"Could one be a person without personhood? † Nature The Akan philosophers Wiredu and Gyekye agree the okra (soul) is the innermost self of the person, but disagree whether the nature of the okra is a material or immaterial substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast the Different Perspective on the Self or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiredu insist the okra is different from the Western philosophy’s perceived soul, because to the West the term soul refers to â€Å"a purely immaterial entity that somehow inhabits the body. The okra, by contrast, is quasi-physical. † (1) The okra for Gyekye has the same concept of a soul as in other metaphysical systems and proclaims that â€Å"a crucial aspect of Akan metaphysics is the existence of the world of spirits† (2a). Gyekye insists â€Å"the okra and sunsum are immaterial substances and they survive death as a â€Å"spiritual unity†(2b) where Wiredu suggests sunsum is not an entity but a manner of being, which perishes at death. Principle of life The sunsum as the â€Å"activating principle† and okra as the â€Å"principle of life† is unclear. The Yoruba’s ori, like the okra, is the determinant of personality, where the emi is the active principal of life. The Akan’s perception of okra is regarded as the active life principle supplied by the deity, as well as the bearer of destiny, where the Yoruba’s emi, which is the equivalent of okra, is not the bearer of destiny. Personhood The words of John F. Kennedy, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country† (3) sums up the road to personhood. Mbiti (4) argues that â€Å"in traditional life, the individual does not and cannot exist alone except corporately†¦. He is simply part of the whole†, and describes a social-centric view of personhood in which society creates the individual. Tempels agrees that â€Å"this concept of separate beings, of substance†¦ hich find themselves side by side, entirely independent one of another, is foreign to Bantu thought. † (5) Human being Kagame claims that humans beings are complete animals â€Å"from the moment he exist in his mother’s womb†, â€Å"when a name has been given† or â€Å" from the moment he puts reason to good use† (6) but for Wiredu everyone is born a person. However personhood is something you may achieve making some more person than others on fulfilment of oneâ€⠄¢s obligations to self, household and to community. 7) For Geykye â€Å"a human person is a being who has a moral sense and is capable of making moral judgements† (8a) and does not agree with the personhood debate because â€Å"what the individual would be striving for in all his/her exertions is some social status, not personhood. † (8b) Conclusion After colonialism Africa provided descriptions on what a person is in the African context but the authentic descriptions were lost in order to compensate for Aristotle’s â€Å"man is a rational animal†. It unified African educated philosophers and created a second tier by adding the word â€Å"hood† to â€Å"person†. The English language creates translation issues because it is unable to effectively define African concepts as passed down amongst generations. The words of John F. Kennedy’s inauguration speech stress the essence of African culture as it emphasises the role which the community plays in order for a person to be able to define him-/herself. References (1) Kwasi Wiredu The concept of mind with particular reference to the language and thought of the Akan Contemporary Philosophy: A new survey. Vol 5: African Philosophy, ed G. Floistad (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1987) pg. 161 (2a) Kwame Gyekye Concept of a person An essay on African philosophical thought, revise,d edition, ed Kwane Gyekye (Temple university press, Philadelphia, 1995) pg. 86,87 (2b) Kwame Gyekye Concept of a person An essay on African philosophical thought, revise,d edition, ed Kwane Gyekye (Temple university press, Philadelphia, 1995) pg. 98 (3) John F. Kennedy This speech was delivered by John F Kennedy at his inauguration in Washington on January 20 1961. (4) John S. Mbiti Ethnic Groups, Kinship ; the Individual African Religions and Philosophy, 2nd edition, ed. John S Mbiti (Oxford: Heineman, 1989), pg. 106. (5) Father Placide Temples Bantu Philosophy â€Å"La Philosophie Bantoue†, ed. Dr. A. Rubbens (Elizabethville: Lovania, 1945), pg. 58. (6) Alex Kagame The Shadow Thesis Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA: Pretoria, 2012) pg. 91 (7) Kwasi Wiredu An Akan perspective on human rights The African Philosophy Reader, Second Edition, ed PH Coetzee and APJ Roux (Routledge: Londen, 2003), pg 315 (8a) Kwame Gyekye Person and community in African thought Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA: Pretoria, 2012) pg. 29 (8b) Kwame Gyekye Person and community in African thought Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA: Pretoria, 2012) pg. 30 How to cite Compare and Contrast the Different Perspective on the Self, Essay examples

The Paths of Yoga Essay Example For Students

The Paths of Yoga Essay Yoga comes from the Sanskrit verb yui, which means to yoke or unite. It is a union of the individual consciousness with the Infinite consciousness (Fisher, 89). The goal is to unite oneself with God and the practice of yoga is one of the paths that are taken to accomplish that goal. There are four main paths of yoga: Raja is the path of physical and mental control. Karma is the path of action. Bhakti is the path of devotion, and Jnana is the path of knowledge or wisdom (Roberts). Raja yoga is often referred to the royal path of meditation. The Hindus are more familiar with this type of yoga because it was popularized in the West (Fisher, 89). The belief of raja yoga is that the perception of the divine Self is obscured by the disturbances of the mind. They believe that if the mind can be made still and pure, then the Self will automatically and instantaneously shine forth. The central teaching of raja yoga is meditation. Absolute mental control is achieved through meditation, concentration, and breathing. They believe that when the mind is not restless, they are closer to self-awareness. The physical side of yoga is known as Hatha. It teaches control of the body through postures, control of breathing, and relaxation (Roberts). We will write a custom essay on The Paths of Yoga specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Karma yoga is known as the path of action. It is also known as the path of dedicated work. Since karma is both action and the result of action, whether good or bad, the practice of karma yoga achieves union with God through the right action and selfless service (Roberts). Those who follow the karma path act without thought of reward or gain. Those who practice bhakti yoga, follow a path of love and devotion. This path is most popular among the Indian followers of Sanatana Dharma (Fisher, 92). The bhakta follower attains God-realization-oneness with the Divine through the force of love, which is the most powerful emotion that one could have. The path of bhakta yoga involves surrendering oneself to the Divine through prayer, worship, and ritual since bhakta means to serve the Divine (Roberts). The last path is jnana yoga and is also known as the yoga of knowledge, and is considered the most difficult path to follow. Where the other paths follow the promptings of the heart, the jnani uses the powers of the mind to discriminate between the real and the unreal. Their goal is to discover knowledge hidden deep inside through questioning, meditation, and contemplation (Roberts). According to Roberts, a person should have integrated the lessons of the other yogic paths because without selflessness, love of God, and the strength of body and mind, the search for self-realization is nothing more than an exercise in philosophy. Bibliography:

Embedded Essays

Embedded Essays Embedded Essay Embedded Essay Paper II Section : II Embedded Systems INDEX No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Toggle Port LED Simulate Binary Counter at Port Generate delay using TIMER_0 Stepper Motor (clockwise/Anticlockwise) Generating square wave at port pin Generating Triangular wave at port pin Sine wave generation using look-up table Microcontrollers communicating over a serial link Read switch-status from i/p port and display at o/p port Using Input Capture Pin (ICP), measure pulse width display at o/p port Topic Date 6-9-2010 9-9-2010 17-9-2010 24-9-2010 8-10-2010 15-10-2010 15-10-2010 29-10-2010 22-11-2010 24-11-2010 Page 02 03 04 06 07 09 10 11 13 15 Sign Practical – 01 Toggle Port LED Aim : Write a program in embedded C programming language to alternately ON/OFF LEDs connected to 2 different ports. Components Used: i)AT90S8535 Micro controller ii)LED? S iii)Ground Code: #include #include void main(void) { DDRA = 0xff; PORTA = 0x00; DDRB = 0xff; PORTB = 0x00; while(1) { delay_ms(100); PORTA = 0x01; PORTB = 0x00; delay_ms(100); PORTA = 0x00; PORTB = 0x01; }; } Output: Mithibai College:-MSC COMPUTER SCIENCE PART II 3 Practical – 02 Simulate Binary Counter at Port Aim : Write a program using embedded C to simulate a binary counter. Components Used: i)AT90S8535 Micro controller ii)LED? S iii)Ground Code: #include #include void main() { DDRA = 0xff; PORTA=0x00; while(1) { delay_ms(100); if(PORTA == 0x80) PORTA = 0x01; else PORTA += 1; } } Description: First statement a unsigned char variable (unsigned integers are used to increase the range of numbers the variable can hold) is initialized to 0x01 . port A has been set to this variable . „+? perator stands for bit increment operation . we are incrimenting the bit of led_status to one position of binary number when the one at lsb reaches to the msb (0x80) of the variable we reinitialize the variable to 0x01. The Delay given is of one milli second so the bit shifts after every one second(1000ms) . Output: Mithibai College:-MSC COMPUTER SCIENCE PART II 4 Practical – 03 Generate delay using TIMER_0 Aim : Write a program using embedded C to generate delay using TIMER0. Components Used: i)AT90S8535 Micro controller ii)LED? S iii)Ground Code: #include int timeCount = 0; interrupt[TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void) { TCNT0 = 6; if(++timeCount == 1000) { PORTA =PORTA ^ 0x01; timeCount = 0; } } void main(void) { DDRA = 0x01; PORTA = 0x01; TCCR0 = 0x02; TIMSK = 0x01; #asm(sei); while(1); } Description: A variable timecount is initialized to 0. In the main function the LSB of PORTA is chosen for output and it is set to 1. Then the TIMER COUNTER CONTROL REGISTER (TCCR0) is initialized in such a way that divide by 8 (CK/8)clock source is selected again the â€Å"timer interrupt mask is set to enable the timer0 counter. #asm† is a assembly language instruction „sei? stands for set enable interrupts to enable all the interrupts. Finaly ainfinite while loop. Then the function with keword interrupt is created. This function will be called automatically when the timer0 overflow interrupt takes place. This function returns nothing, since it is not called by any function and you cant pass any thing to f unction for the same reason . The timer0 is initialized to 6 in this function . As we have chosen ck/8 system as mentioned above and the clock frequency is 4 Mhz that? s why 4/8 Mhz so 500 Khz(0. Mhz) will be the effective frequency so for one tick of counter 1/0. 5 micro sec are required(1/freq. = time) that equals to 2 micro secondes. A timer can count 256 that? s why total of 256*2 that is 512 micro seconds are required . So to make it a round figure i. e. 500 microsecs we Mithibai College:-MSC COMPUTER SCIENCE PART II 5 have to omit 6 ticks of counters that is why we set timer (TCNT0 =6) to 6 so that it ticks from 6 to 256 hence ticks effectively for 250 times (250*2 = 500). and covers 500 micro secs ,when timecount is incremented up to 1000 (1000*500 micro secs = 0. secs). And led toggles after 0. 5 secs. Output: Mithibai College:-MSC COMPUTER SCIENCE PART II 6 Practical – 04 Stepper Motor (Clockwise/Anticlockwise) Aim : Write a program using embedded C to simulate Stepper Motor(Clockwise / AntiClockwise). Components Used: i)AT90S8535 Micro controlle r ii)LED? S iii)Ground iv)STEPPER MOTOR Code: #include #include unsigned char motorStatus = 0x01; void main(void) { DDRA = 0x0f; DDRB = 0x0f; #asm(sei); while(1) { PORTA = motorStatus; PORTB = motorStatus; delay_ms(200); motorStatus

Lodz Ghetto

Lodz Ghetto What Was the Lodz Ghetto? On February 8, 1940, the Nazis ordered the 230,000 Jews of Lodz, Poland, the second largest Jewish community in Europe, into a confined area of only 1.7 square miles (4.3 square kilometers) and on May 1, 1940, the Lodz Ghetto was sealed. The Nazis chose a Jewish man named Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski to lead the ghetto. Rumkowski had the idea that if the ghetto residents worked then the Nazis would need them; however, the Nazis still started deportations to the Chelmno Death Camp on January 6, 1942. On June 10, 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered the Lodz Ghetto liquidated and the remaining residents were taken to either Chelmno or Auschwitz. The Lodz Ghetto was empty by August 1944. The Persecution Begins When Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the world watched with concern and disbelief. The following years revealed persecution of Jews, but the world reveled in the belief that by appeasing Hitler, he and his beliefs would remain within Germany. On September 1, 1939, Hitler shocked the world by attacking Poland. Using blitzkrieg tactics, Poland fell within three weeks. Lodz, located in central Poland, held the second largest Jewish community in Europe, second only to Warsaw. When the Nazis attacked, Poles and Jews worked frantically to dig ditches to defend their city. Only seven days after the attack on Poland began, Lodz was occupied. Within four days of Lodzs occupation, Jews became targets for beatings, robberies, and seizure of property. September 14, 1939, only six days after the occupation of Lodz, was Rosh Hashanah, one of the holiest days within the Jewish religion. For this High Holy day, the Nazis ordered businesses to stay open and the synagogues to be closed. While Warsaw was still fighting off the Germans (Warsaw finally surrendered on September 27), the 230,000 Jews in Lodz were already feeling the beginnings of Nazi persecution. On November 7, 1939, Lodz was incorporated into the Third Reich and the Nazis changed its name to Litzmannstadt (Litzmanns city) - named after a German general who died while attempting to conquer Lodz in World War I. The next several months were marked by daily round-ups of Jews for forced labor as well as random beatings and killings on the streets. It was easy to distinguish between Pole and Jew because on November 16, 1939, ​the Nazis had ordered Jews to wear an armband on their right arm. The armband was the precursor to the ​yellow Star of David badge, which was soon to follow on December 12, 1939. Planning the Lodz Ghetto On December 10, 1939, Friedrich Ubelhor, the governor of the Kalisz-Lodz District, wrote a secret memorandum that set out the premise for a ghetto in Lodz. The Nazis wanted Jews concentrated in ghettos so when they found a solution to the Jewish problem, whether it be emigration or genocide, it could easily be carried out. Also, enclosing the Jews made it relatively easy to extract the hidden treasures that Nazis believed Jews were hiding. There had already been a couple of ghettos established in other parts of Poland, but the Jewish population had been relatively small and those ghettos had remained open - meaning, the Jews and the surrounding civilians were still able to have contact. Lodz had a Jewish population estimated at 230,000, living throughout the city. For a ghetto of this scale, real planning was needed. Governor Ubelhor created a team made up of representatives from the major policing bodies and departments. It was decided that the ghetto would be located in the northern section of Lodz where many Jews were already living. The area that this team originally planned only constituted 1.7 square miles (4.3 square kilometers). To keep non-Jews out of this area before the ghetto could be established, a warning was issued on January 17, 1940 proclaiming the area planned for the ghetto to be rampant with infectious diseases. The Lodz Ghetto Is Established On February 8, 1940, the order to establish the Lodz Ghetto was announced. The original plan was to set up the ghetto in one day, in actuality, it took weeks. Jews from throughout the city were ordered to move into the sectioned off area, only bringing what they could hurriedly pack within just a few minutes. The Jews were packed tightly within the confines of the ghetto with an average of 3.5 people per room. In April a fence went up surrounding the ghetto residents. On April 30, the ghetto was ordered closed and on May 1, 1940, merely eight months after the German invasion, the Lodz ghetto was officially sealed. The Nazis did not just stop with having the Jews locked up within a small area, they wanted the Jews to pay for their own food, security, sewage removal, and all other expenses incurred by their continuing incarceration. For the Lodz ghetto, the Nazis decided to make one Jew responsible for the entire Jewish population. The Nazis chose Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski. Rumkowski and His Vision To organize and implement Nazi policy within the ghetto, the Nazis chose a Jew named Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski. At the time Rumkowski was appointed Juden Alteste (Elder of the Jews), he was 62 years old, with billowy, white hair. He had held various jobs, including insurance agent, velvet factory manager, and director of the Helenowek orphanage before the war began. No one really knows why the Nazis chose Rumkowski as the Alteste of Lodz. Was it because he seemed like he would help the Nazis achieve their aims by organizing the Jews and their property? Or did he just want them to think this so that he could try to save his people? Rumkowski is shrouded in controversy. Ultimately, Rumkowski was a firm believer in the autonomy of the ghetto. He started many programs that replaced outside bureaucracy with his own. Rumkowski replaced the German currency with ghetto money that bore his signature - soon referred to as Rumkies. Rumkowski also created a post office (with a stamp with his image) and a sewage clean up department since the ghetto had no sewage system. But what soon materialized was the problem of acquiring food. Hunger Leads to a Plan to Work With 230,000 people confined to a very small area that had no farmland, food quickly became a problem. Since the Nazis insisted on having the ghetto pay for its own upkeep, money was needed. But how could Jews who were locked away from the rest of society and who had been stripped of all valuables make enough money for food and housing?   Rumkowski believed that if the ghetto was transformed into an extremely useful workforce, then the Jews would be needed by the Nazis. Rumkowski believed that this usefulness would ensure that the Nazis would supply the ghetto with food. On April 5, 1940, Rumkowski petitioned the Nazi authorities requesting permission for his work plan. He wanted the Nazis to deliver raw materials, have the Jews make the final products, then have the Nazis pay the workers in money and in food.   On April 30, 1940, ​Rumkowskis proposal was accepted with one very important change - the workers would only be paid in food. Notice that no one agreed upon how much food, nor how often it was to be supplied. Rumkowski immediately began setting up factories and all those able and willing to work were found jobs. Most of the factories required workers to be over 14 years old but often very young children and older adults found work in mica splitting factories. Adults worked in factories that produced everything from textiles to munitions. Young girls were even trained to hand stitch the emblems for the uniforms of German soldiers. For this work, the Nazis delivered food to the ghetto. The food entered the ghetto in bulk and was then confiscated by Rumkowskis officials. Rumkowski had taken over food distribution. With this one act, Rumkowski truly became the absolute ruler of the ghetto, for survival was contingent on food.   Starving and Suspicions The quality and quantity of the food delivered to the ghetto were ​less than minimal, often with large portions being completely spoiled. Ration cards were quickly put into effect for food on June 2, 1940. By December, all provisions were rationed. The amount of food given to each individual depended upon your work  status. Certain factory jobs meant a bit more bread than others. Office workers, however, received the most. An average factory worker received one bowl of soup (mostly water, if you were fortunate you would have a couple of barley beans floating in it), plus the usual rations of one loaf of bread for five days (later the same amount was supposed to last seven days), a small amount of vegetables (sometimes preserved beets that were mostly ice), and brown water that was supposed to be coffee.   This amount of food starved people. As ghetto residents really started feeling hunger, they became increasingly suspicious of Rumkowski and his officials. Many rumors floated around blaming Rumkowski for the lack of food, saying that he dumped useful food on purpose. The fact that each month, even each day, the residents became thinner and increasingly afflicted with dysentery, tuberculosis, and typhus while Rumkowski and his officials seemed to fatten and remained healthy just spurred suspicions. Searing anger afflicted the population, blaming Rumkowski for their troubles. When dissenters of the Rumkowski rule voiced their opinions, Rumkowski made speeches labeling them traitors to the cause. Rumkowski believed that these people were a direct threat to his work ethic, thus punished them and. later, deported them. Newcomers in the Fall and Winter 1941 During the High Holy days in the fall of 1941, the news hit - 20,000 Jews from other areas of the Reich were being transferred to the Lodz Ghetto. Shock swept throughout the ghetto. How could a ghetto that could not even feed its own population, absorb 20,000 more? The decision had already been made by the Nazi officials and the transports arrived from September through October with approximately one thousand people arriving each day. These newcomers were shocked at the conditions in Lodz. They did not believe that their own fate could ever really mingle with these emaciated people, because the newcomers had never felt hunger. Freshly off the trains, the newcomers had shoes, clothes, and most importantly, reserves of food. The newcomers were dropped into a completely different world, where the inhabitants had lived for two years, watching the hardships grow more acute. Most of these newcomers never adjusted to ghetto life and in the end, boarded the transports to their death with the thought that they must be going somewhere better than the Lodz Ghetto. In addition to these Jewish newcomers, 5,000 Roma (Gypsies) were transported into the Lodz ghetto. In a speech delivered on October 14, 1941, Rumkowski announced the coming of the Roma. We are forced to take about 5000 Gypsies into the ghetto. Ive explained that we cannot live together with them. Gypsies are the sort of people who can to anything. First they rob and then they set fire and soon everything is in flames, including your factories and materials. * When the Roma arrived, they were housed in a separate area of the Lodz Ghetto. Deciding Who Would Be the First Deported December 10, 1941, another announcement shocked the Lodz Ghetto. Though Chelmno had only been in operation for two days, the Nazis wanted 20,000 Jews deported out of the ghetto. Rumkowski talked them down to 10,000. Lists were put together by ghetto officials. The remaining Roma were the first to be deported. If you were not working, had been designated a criminal, or if you were a family member of someone in the first two categories, then you would be next on the list. The residents were told that the deportees were being sent to Polish farms to work. While this list was being created, Rumkowski became engaged to Regina Weinberger - a young lawyer who had become his legal advisor. They were soon married. The winter of 1941-42 was very harsh for ghetto residents. Coal and wood were rationed, thus there was not enough to drive away frostbite let alone cook food. Without a fire, much of the rations, especially potatoes, could not be eaten. Hordes of residents descended upon wooden structures - fences, outhouses, even some buildings were literally torn apart. The Deportations to Chelmno Begin Beginning on January 6, 1942, those who had received the summons for deportations (nicknamed wedding invitations) were required for transport. Approximately one thousand people per day left on the trains. These people were taken to the Chelmno Death Camp  and gassed by carbon monoxide in trucks. By January 19, 1942, 10,003 people had been deported. After only a couple of weeks, the Nazis requested more deportees. To make the deportations easier, the Nazis slowed the delivery of food into the ghetto and then promised people going on the transports a meal. From February 22 to April 2, 1942, 34,073 people were transported to Chelmno. Almost immediately, another request for deportees came. This time specifically for the newcomers that had been sent to Lodz from other parts of the Reich. All the newcomers were to be deported except anyone with German or Austrian military honors. The officials in charge of creating the list of deportees also excluded officials of the ghetto. In September 1942, another deportation request. This time, everyone unable to work was to be deported. This included the sick, the old, and the children. Many parents refused to send their children to the transport area so the Gestapo entered the Lodz Ghetto and viciously searched and removed the deportees. Two More Years After the September 1942 deportation, Nazi requests nearly halted. The German armaments division was desperate for munitions, and since the Lodz Ghetto now consisted purely of workers, they were indeed needed. For nearly two years, the residents of the Lodz Ghetto worked, hungered, and mourned. The End: June 1944 On June 10, 1944,  Heinrich Himmler  ordered the liquidation of the Lodz Ghetto. The Nazis told Rumkowski and Rumkowski told the residents that workers were needed in Germany to repair the damages caused by air raids. The  first transport  left on June 23, with many others following until July 15. On July 15, 1944 the transports halted. The decision had been made to liquidate Chelmno because Soviet troops were getting close. Unfortunately, this only created a two week hiatus,  for the remaining transports  would be sent to Auschwitz. By August 1944, the Lodz Ghetto had been liquidated. Though a few remaining workers were retained by the Nazis to finish confiscating materials and valuables out of the ghetto, everyone else had been deported. Even Rumkowski and his family were included in these last transports to Auschwitz. Liberation Five months later, on January 19, 1945, the Soviets liberated the Lodz Ghetto. Of the 230,000  Lodz Jews  plus the 25,000 people transported in, only 877 remained. * Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Speech on October 14, 1941, in  Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege  (New York, 1989), pg. 173. Bibliography Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides (ed.).  Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege. New York, 1989. Sierakowiak, Dawid.  The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto. Alan Adelson (ed.). New York, 1996. Web, Marek (ed.).  The  Documents of the Lodz Ghetto: An Inventory of the Nachman Zonabend Collection. New York, 1988. Yahil, Leni.  The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York, 1991.

The Vioxx disaster and BP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Vioxx disaster and BP - Case Study Example Some public management theories were overlooked such as scientific selection and training of workers. This concept entails scientific training, selection and placement of workers (Hopkins, 2008). It is proper to allocate employees on jobs they are best suited as far as intellectual and physical abilities are concerned. Incompetency contributed to both disasters, for example, medical researchers involved in the manufacturing of Vioxx failed to meet all the scientific/intellectual demands for safe production (Ellsberg & Gerstein, 2008). Mutual collaboration of workers and management is another important concept that could help avoid such disasters. Cordial relations and active cooperation between workers and management enhances communication at the workplace. Disconnect between workers and management primarily caused the BP tragedy and six workers were dismissed upon accusations from officials of negligence and failing to sound an evacuation alarm. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Vioxx, into the United States’ market in 1999. The Vioxx disaster occurred between 1999 and 2004. More than one hundred million prescriptions were made in the United States of America alone and it caused enormous deaths and injuries (Abraham & Davis, 2013). It was established that the drug (painkiller) caused stroke and cardiovascular complications. Merck & Company, which was responsible for manufacturing the drug was accused of misleading patients and doctors about the drug’s safety; fabricating research results to suit the company’s interests and thwarting an FDA’s agent from revealing the complexities associated with the drug – it skirted federal drug regulations (Hopkins, 2008). Before its withdrawal from the market, in 2004, more that 25 million Americans who used the drug and it had caused over 38,000 deaths (Ellsberg & Gerstein, 2008). Texas City BP explosion occurred in 2005. It had resulted in 15 deaths

Extensive reading approach and contrast this with direct or component Assignment

Extensive reading approach and contrast this with direct or component skills - Assignment Example Uncommonly, there is an approach that avoids the use of recommended reading materials and guided reading activities, yet has the same aim of promoting advanced reading skills of students. This approach is referred to as the extensive reading approach. What is extensive reading? The term extensive reading is credited to Harold Palmer (1917: 137) who proposed that learners should read one book after another. The idea of reading a great number of reading materials over time to improve reading proficiency is based on the belief that language acquisition, especially vocabulary development, occurs through reading (Nagy & Herman 1987: 20). Supporters of extensive reading believe that the more reading experiences language learners have, the more adept they will be in the target language. In particular, Grabe and Stoller (2002: 90) believe that although extensive reading alone cannot guarantee language proficiency, the latter cannot occur without extensive reading. The extensive reading appro ach offers some advantages that other approaches do not have. Making students form the habit of reading could lead to promoting the love for reading, making the reader as the focus of instruction, empowering comprehension, and improving linguistic and communicative ability. (References for this are quite impossible to obtain, thus I used â€Å"could lead to† to imply possibility, thus lessening the claim). Promoting the love for reading Promoting the love for reading is one essence of the extensive reading approach. Dublin, Eskey and Grabe (1986: 228) noted that people learn to read and improve in reading by means of reading itself. In extensive reading classes, students are motivated to read to build the habit and enjoyment in reading. As Grabe and Stoller (2001) claims, ‘one does not become a good reader unless one reads a lot’ (198). As such, the extensive reading approach differs a lot in structure and materials from intensive reading approaches. The teacher in the extensive reading class allows students to read the materials they prefer, thus cultivating in them the interest to read about those things they find interesting. Students have the option to read fiction or non-fiction books, or basically anything they find interesting among a variety of materials available. This way, students are not forced to understand topics or concepts that they find vague at the very beginning. Ideally, the love for reading may be developed if teachers allow students to read according to their interest, pace and level (Collie & Slater 1987: 6). In other approaches, students are asked to read a uniform text, thus they are forced to understand knowledge and concepts even though such are not applicable to them. For instance, a Muslim kid may deal with a text discussing the beatification of Pope Paul II when reading about current events. Such a practice, although may enhance the knowledge of a student about the world, could interfere with a student’s culture and affect his/her interest during a particular reading class. This implies that teachers using other approaches should be careful in choosing materials for their students. Nunan (1989: 60) posits that the reading materials should have some cultural or personal relevance to the readers.

A Guest Experience Based Upon Hospitality Marketing Essay

A Guest Experience Based Upon Hospitality Marketing Essay The rewards are the opportunity to create a guest experience based upon hospitality rather than efficiency, to implement customer service that makes memories rather than horror stories, to truly be in touch with guests rather than seeking to avoid them because a guest contact usually indicates a problem. Because of their size, small boutique properties often do not have the clout in the market to recruit and retain good line employees. Seasonality can have the happy retired hotelier making beds, doing laundry and unstopping toilets in the off-season when he/she has had to lay off the seasonal staff. Any furloughs due to seasonality pretty well guarantee that the quality labour in the market will go to a property with the mass to offer them year round employment. Operational Performance Objective: Flexibility Personal Approach LOCATION (segment market) COST (budget) Demand Service process Keep on changing customer Taste The four houses of quality function deployment connect customer needs with engineering design characteristics, components production processes, and associated control parameters http://www.naukrihub.com/india/hospitality/overview/challenges/ http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2006_4th/Nov06_ISHC.html http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3656/is_200612/ai_n17190382/ Q3 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_April_3/ai_n27189784/?tag=rbxcra.2.a.22 .http://www.managingchange.com/masscust/overview.htm http://www.hotel-online.com/Trends/ChiangMaiJun00/CustomizationHospitality.html#1 IMPORTANT http://www.smthacker.co.uk/postponement_mass_customisation.htm http://www.madeforone.com/Articles/index.php/page/2/ http://www.readwriteweb.com/start/2010/03/weekend-reading-mass-customization-round-up.php http://www.igi-global.com/bookstore/TitleDetails.aspx?TitleId=743DetailsType=Preface http://www.sideroad.com/Customer_Service/measuring-customer-loyalty.html http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/210546/hotels_and_hostels/new_trends_at_boutique_hotels.html 1. Shortage of skilled employees: One of the greatest challenges plaguing the hospitality industry is the unavailability of quality workforce in different skill levels. The hospitality industry has failed to retain good professionals. 2. Retaining quality workforce: Retention of the workforce through training and development in the hotel industry is a problem and attrition levels are too high. One of the reasons for this is unattractive wage packages. Though there is boom in the service sector, most of the hotel management graduates are joining other sectors like retail and aviation. Personalization and Design by Own Individualism (demand) Peoples lives today are more turbulent and diversified. The one size fits all model is out-of-date. Individuals now want to be seen and treated as individuals and many are prepared to pay for this. They are better educated and informed; able and willing to make their own decisions. http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/210548/hotels_and_hostels/unique_features_with_new_boutique_hotel_resort_trends.html _ boutique hotel http://www.hotel-online.com/Trends/ChiangMaiJun00/CustomizationHospitality.html Davis, Stan, Future Perfect, 10th anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley Pub Co, Harlow, England, 1996, ISBN: 020159045X Gilmore, James H. Pine, B. Joseph II 1997, The four faces of mass customization, in Gilmore, James H. Pine, B. Joseph II (eds.), Markets of One, President and Fellows of Harvard College, Boston MA, U.S.A. pp. 115-132 Introduction Boutique hotels are believed to have been invented in the early 1980s. (Anhar,L,2001) There is no single definition of a boutique hotel but most of the boutique hotels do share some common characteristics. The first, boutique hotels put more emphasis on design and architecture than traditional chain hotels. (Anhar.L.2001) Creating unique design with additional lifestyle amenities in order make hotel guest feel something special than others. For example each guest room in Blakes Hotel in South Kensington, London was designed by celebrity stylist Anouska Hempel. This kind of hotel is very individual and focuses on their look. (Jones.P,2002) The aim is to create an environment with sense of style, warmth and distinction which they are willing to pay premium room rates. Second, the common feature of boutique hotel is superior personal service.(Drayton.P Rodwell.K,2001) Providing personal service guide to hotel guests is importance to enhance guest experience rather than efficiency, to t ruly be in touch with hotel guests rather than ignorance them when they faced to problem, to makes guest with unforgettable memories will come back on next time rather than terrible service that not return again. Furthermore, boutique hotel tend to provide a higher quality and wider range of guest amenities; such as pillow menu, complimentary candies and nuts. (Reich.M Ho Jung Kim) The third feature is the number of rooms. The number of room should not exceed 150 rooms to maintain the intimacy between the guests and the hotel staff, and the personalized attention by the staff. (Anthar.L,2001) However, there seems to be not upper limit on the maximum number of room; for example among properties operated by Ian Schrager, Pramount Hotel has 594 rooms and Hudson Hotel has 821 rooms. (Ibid) The last common feature of boutique hotel is the target market. The middle to upper income group of people tend to be target market of boutique hotel. In addition, the image of boutique hotel is major element for promoting through media, fashion, entertainment and advertising companies that are attracted to the trendy design and lively atmosphere.(Jones Lang Lasalle report) Location of the boutique hotel can be classified into two types. The first is the city destination hotels. () Accordingly, most existing city boutique hotels are located in urban edgy and chic neighbourhoods in major cities like New York, London, San Francisco, and Miami. (Anthar) Nevertheless, more companies are targeting less cosmopolitan cities. Location of traditional hotels often seeks for convenience to their customer but for boutique hotel, they are often located in cities with big fashion capitals to best attract their target market. The second type of boutique hotel is located in generally well-hidden, tucked always in deserted corners of the island or the mountains. Each boutique resort hotels promote the non-existence of electronics and communication devices in guestrooms as a competitive advantage. () Q1 Every company will face problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ challenges Boutique hotel tend to serve their guest with high degree of service quality therefore the greater of customer contact, the greater degree of interaction between the service system and the customer. (Jacobs.R,Chase.R,2008) Service systems with high degree of customer contact are more difficult to control and rationalize rather than low degree of customer contact. In high-contact systems, the customer can affect the time of demand, the exact nature of the service, and the quality, or perceived quality of service because the hotel guests are involved in the process. (Jacobs.R,Chase.R,2008) This is reason why boutique hotel manager should take into account on this particular area of service design process. This is not easy as all customers are different and have different expectations of what the service will provide. Perhaps a boutique hotel guest tend to wait for too long to check-in at resulted he or she might not come again due with the expectation on their speed of their service provided was disappointment. Hence, boutique hotel can offers several counters with different type of function such as registration check-in, check-out counter, and complaint counter to shorten the time of waiting by other guests. Flexibility approach take part on this challenges, Service process must be short and accurate in order to SOA(219) Service Blueprinting 211 As mentioned above, for boutique hotel the customer indeed is greater extent involved in the actual delivery of the service. The service employees by boutique hotel have frequently work together with their customer thus the behaviour if employees is likely to have a major effect on the customers perceived level of service quality.(Greasley.A,2009) Unlike tangible products, technology can be replaced the workforce on certain jobs but in services, it is difficult to replace the element of human interaction completely. (Greasley.A,2009) For service industry, the service operation for boutique hotel greater front office tasks by adding value to their customer both input and output of the operation while back office task is lesser. (Figure 1.1)(Greasley.A, 2009) Boutique hotel as a mass customization operate at high volume and high variety because the customer require high levels of contact with the service provider and a customized service. Human resource development: Some of the service s required in the tourism and hotel industries are highly personalized, and no amount of automation can substitute for personal service providers. India is focusing more on white collar jobs than blue collar jobs. The shortage of blue collar employees will pose various threats to the industry Lack of skilled hotel employees can become an issue for boutique hotel that tend to provide superior personal service. STANDARD The hotel boutique employees are expected to know their guests needs very well with caring, polite, friendly, and etc. Hence, the manager of Boutique hotel has to invest on a series of training program in order to maintain the quality of the service provided by their employee especially front-line employees which interact with customer most of the time. Assume a boutique hotel employees does not know well about a potential customer whose is vegetarians, but sending meal with chicken to the customer. This in the result, the potential customer will feel very disappointed on the careless of service provider by particular boutique hotel. The customer definitely switches to other brand of boutique hotel and not to return again if there is no a good service recover to resolve the problem. Service is unlike product that can be easier to argue back but in service industry especially with high service quality provided by boutique hotel, customers tend to be correct most of the time. Quality is a particular challenge for boutique hotel in both the tangible and intangible aspects, for example the quality of the food served, the quality of the mattress in the room and service of the staff must meet quality standards in order to retain customer. However, intangible service may be difficult to measure and often depends on an unpredictable interaction between the service provider and customer. (Greasley.A, 2009) The boutique employees cannot predict what the next will be happen thus they have to get ready to resolve problem at anytime. However, there are three authors; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985) define the quality in service with five principal dimensions that customers use to judge service quality which is Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangible based on a comparison between expectations and perceptions of the service quality. Marketing strategy: For the side of marketing view of point on boutique hotel, the image is very important to enhance the quality of the hotel itself to their target market. What are so special about boutique hotel compare to other hotel chain without paying high price of room rate? This is why Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) gets involved to work together to promote the brand and image of boutique hotel. A good service cannot be successful without the demand in a market. To open a new boutique hotel in a market place obviously is very fresh on the particular brand. Hence, branding can become one of the challenges to a new boutique hotel. At that point, the new brands that were ill-conceived and lacking clear definition and marketability ultimately become the weaker performers which are then often absorbed by the stronger ones.( ISHC Annual Conference,2007)Investing on brand proliferation to attract consumer interest toward the new boutique hotel. Marketing research effort s hould not be neglected by collecting information on favourable design of hotel room, service encounter and etc. By doing marketing research better performance outcome in order to meet customer needs. Virtual advertising can be useful to let customer know more information about the boutique hotel. An addition, online booking hotel becomes more convenience to customer in the purchase processes. A system that can let customer choose the theme or design of the room that they prefer including the menu of pillow, type of food to serve and etc. Public relation is also a powerful tool to get useful public opinion from the public. Distribution channel renovation : In 2006, it is estimated that $24 billion worth of hotel rooms in the US alone will be booked through internet sites representing 27% of US hotel industry room revenues up from $15.5 billion just two years ago. (INSH,2007) Meanwhile, this is current challenge of distribution management, manage and market to the consumer in the online world. Without understanding online consumers buying behaviour, the possible investment on marketing will be wasted. Buying process change rapidly nowadays with advancement of technology device support. Brick and Motor Directors of Sales Marketing and Directors of Revenue Management must understand at least the basics of search engine optimization, pay-per-click marketing, link popularity strategies and web traffic analysis. (INSH,2007) Connection between the service provider and their potential customer is linked. Expanding distribution revolution preserves the relationship with their customer. (INSH,2007) Click and M ortar approach can be applied on boutique hotel strategy in order to serve the best quality by using online or offline form of service provided. Construction cost: To build up a new boutique hotel, cost definitely has to take into account because it involved a huge amount of money on constructing, furniture, equipments and labour cost. The cost of raw materials for construction such as wood, steel, sand and so on is categorized as dramatically changes according the demand of the world. For example steel prices experienced a 48.8-percent increase in 2004, which was preceded by significant increases in scrap iron and steel prices in 2002 and 2003.(INSH,2007) By constantly monitoring changes in the markets for both construction materials and labor costs, a developer has to ensure that a project has a better than even chance of being completed on time and on budget.(INSH,2007) Adoptability and Knowledgeable on new technology system: In this 21th century with all digital-based of world with high-technology advancement that can improving the effectively and efficiently of doing things. The research and development (RD) department have to gone through emphasis on the design of the room in boutique hotel. Supply and demand service capacity : skilled employees or unskilled employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Training Demand of the market : middle to upper class. Fashion ,media Finance Q2 Mass processes that produce high-volume and low variety products are termed line or mass processes. Because of the high volumes of product it is cost-effective to use specialized labour and equipment. Because of the low variety, setting up of equipment is minimized and utilization of equipment is high. Examples of mass process included automobile plant, television factory, vehicle manufacturing, DVD production and food processes. (pg78) Customization processes is special customized to the need of the customer. High variety of product but low volume. This customization processes can be applied on goods such as big size shoes, special design for wedding cake and while service on or services like facial treatment, cosmetic, and hair style that can meet individual needs. The target market is niche market with a small group of people with the similar needs. High degree of customization, in order to meet individual customer needs. For exampleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Because the need of specialized, time-consuming to finish on certain number (usually with low quantity) However, the variety is very low for mass processes, customer could not have much choices. Meanwhile, with the customization goods and services the price is trend to expensive. It is difficult to meet individual needs with low cost. It can be either want to pay higher price to meet individual price or low price but no choice. Based on the statement above, the trend of the layout process changed to Mass customization. What is mass customization? Mass customization is processes that combine the Mass and Customization feature in one which mean high volume and high variety at a relatively. (Figure 1.2) An attempt to combine high-variety and hiagh-volume output to provide the customer with customized products at a relatively low price. ( Greasley.A,2009)was typothie si s For example, Dell is the worlds largest volume producer of personal computers yet allows each customer to design (albeit in a limited sense) their own configuration. (Slack et al, 2007,pg47) Customer can select the feature of specification of the computer that they wanted after that make an order. Once Dell received the order, they will make customized computer requirement by the customer and delivery to them within two weeks. Another example on Land à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Feel different from others. Repeat buyer. Capture their interest and follow up by sending greeting card to welcome back to the boutique hotel interested like music. Event singing competition. Live band Designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Flexibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ act quickly , fast, information or data tranformation